• Muscle Ring Fingers MuRFs comprising TRIM MuRF

  2019-10-23

  

  Muscle Ring Fingers (MuRFs) comprising TRIM63 (MuRF1), TRIM55 (MuRF2) and TRIM54 (MuRF3) are the most studied TRIMs in the heart. However, with increasing knowledge of E3 ligases and recent advancements in the field, many other TRIMs such as TRIM8, TRIM21, TRIM24, TRIM32, TRIM45, TRIM69 and TRIM72

• The ubiquitin like modifier NEDD NEURAL PRECURSOR

  2019-10-23

  

  The ubiquitin-like modifier NEDD8 (NEURAL PRECURSOR CELL EXPRESSED, DEVELOPMENTALLY DOWN-REGULATED 8) uses similar enzymatic machineries for NEDD8 conjugation as ubiquitin (Figure 1) [11, 12, 13, 14]. In plants as well as in other eukaryotes, the number of E3 ligases for NEDD8 and the number of know

• Thiola br Introduction Protein modification by ubiquitin and

  2019-10-23

  

  Introduction Protein modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins is one of the most common and important regulatory mechanisms in biology (Finley et al., 2004, Pickart, 2004). Ubiquitination is carried out by an enzymatic cascade consisting of three steps. In the first step, ubiquitin i

• br Acknowledgements We thank Dr

  2019-10-23

  

  Acknowledgements We thank Dr. James Ritchie and his dedicated staff (Deptartment of Pathology, Emory University) for performing measures of serum VPA levels; Sumitomo Pharmaceuticals (Osaka, Japan) for the generous donation of DOPS, which is required for breeding Dbh −/− mice; Pfizer (Sandwich, K

• DGK is highly expressed in skeletal

  2019-10-22

  

  DGKδ is highly expressed in skeletal muscle [7], which is a primary target of insulin for glucose disposal [14]. Notably, Chibalin et al. reported that DGKδ contributes to hyperglycemia-induced peripheral insulin resistance and that decreased protein levels of DGKδ in skeletal muscle attenuated gluc

• Dgat mice however had less adipose

  2019-10-22

  

  Dgat−/− mice, however, had less adipose tissue, as reflected by lower total fat pad weights and body triglyceride content. Because of these findings, we hypothesized that, although Dgat−/− mice could make triglycerides through non-DGAT pathway(s), their triglyceride synthesis capacity might not be e

• br Deregulation of CDK Many neurotoxic or

  2019-10-22

  

  Deregulation of CDK5 Many neurotoxic or stress conditions like ischemic Illumina 384 damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunctions, excitotoxicity, Aβ exposure lead to disruption of the tight regulation of Cdk5 (De Strooper et al., 2010). Calpain-mediated cleavage of p35 to p25 is activat

• Regarding the mechanism of action

  2019-10-22

  

  Regarding the mechanism of action of CRF, several studies have shown that low doses of CRF may preferentially activate CRF1 receptors in glutamatergic projection neurons, serotoninergic neurons or glutamatergic collaterals in the medial prefrontal cortex (Vertes, 2004). Indeed, prosencephalic inacti

• br System description and data collection

  2019-10-22

  

  System description and data collection Fig. 1 shows the arrangement of the system studied. It provided cooling 235 6 to maintain thermal conditions in an institutional building. The locations of the measured variables (, and ) relating to temperature and flow rate are indicated in Fig. 1. The el

• Cy5 maleimide (non-sulfonated) australia The pathogenesis of

  2019-10-22

  

  The pathogenesis of formation of an intradural tumor is unclear. Initially, several lines of evidence suggested a neural crest cell of origin for Ewings’s sarcoma based on expression of neuroectodermal markers on tumor Cy5 maleimide (non-sulfonated) australia [45,46]. However more recently, studies

• Our results demonstrate that pt PGE in addition

  2019-10-22

  

  Our results demonstrate that 17-pt-PGE2 - in addition to its described effects on EP1 and EP3 receptors - also acts as an EP4 agonist and thereby enhances vascular barrier function. Materials and methods Results Discussion In this study we demonstrate that the purported EP1/EP3 receptor ag

• Enzyme activity loss during the hydrolysis

  2019-10-22

  

  Enzyme activity loss during the hydrolysis process has traditionally been associated with thermal, mechanical, and/or chemical mechanisms (Okino et al., 2013, Ye et al., 2012, Zhang et al., 2010). Due to the recent discovery of enzyme activity loss due to interaction with substrate, it is important

• br Halogenases Enzymatic C H

  2019-10-22

  

  Halogenases Enzymatic C–H activation leading to halogenation is another emerging area in biocatalysis [55,56]. Incorporation of halogen atoms during medicinal chemistry eff ;orts is a well-established practice, presenting an effective means to control the molecule’s bioactivity and physicochemical

• dopamine-2 receptor antagonist br Conclusions br Declaration

  2019-10-22

  

  Conclusions Declaration of interest Acknowledgements Introduction Uncorrected obesity has been a major health problem and the prevalence of obesity is fast rising reaching an epidemic proportion [[1], [2], [3]]. Ample of clinical and experimental evidence has suggested that obesity leads

• calpain inhibitor br STAR Methods br Acknowledgments We woul

  2019-10-22

  

  STAR★Methods Acknowledgments We would like to thank Dr. Tsung-Ping and Dr. Shang-Yi Tsai, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH for sharing protocols on pulse chase experiments and analysis. We would like to thank Dr. William G. Telford for his valuable input on Amnis flow cytometry experiment

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